124 PTS | SEKUNDARSTUFE 2 | ASO | ATLANTEN | SEKUNDARSTUFE 1 2.2 GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EASTERN ALPS Figure 11.2: How a glacier works Figure 11.1: Pasterze – Austria’s biggest glacier How the glaciers shaped Austria’s landscapes: • U-shaped valley in the Alps • Moraines in the foothills of the Alps • big lakes in the foothill regions, • gravel terraces along the rivers coming out of the Alps The Eastern Alps are fold mountains with distinctive geological zones: • a small zone of sandstone in the north (e.g. the Viennese Woods) • two zones of limestone in the north and south of the central zone (e.g. Dachstein, Karawanken), • a central zone of crystalline rocks and gneiss (e.g. Hohe Tauern), • two smaller zones of slatestone embedded in the central zone (e.g. Kitzbühler Alpen, Eisenerzer Alpen). These distinctive geological zones form distinctive landscape patterns and account for Austria’s great variety of different landscapes and regions within a relatively small area. The actual landscape of Austria as we see it today is the result of a very recent development in geological history: only some two million years old. This was the period where at least four known ice ages shaped most of Austria’s landscapes. The last glacial period can be dated back to about 11,000 years ago. Tremendous glaciers flowed out of the mountain valleys and repeatedly covered the alpine foothills and shoved the topsoil into the low rolling hills seen today. Therefore the big tonguebasins of the Salzach and Traun glaciers scooped out the lakes of the Salzkammergut. The Eastern Alps are of great importance for Austria: • they provide the main water reservoir for Austria, • they are the basis for the hydroelectric power production, • they are the main tourist and recreational area of Austria, • and they provide space for many nature parks. U=5?7J#? )+%) '#9? 8?=2W#?) %9=5?+ U=9J#?) SU5+N 8J?+N %9J3)WP '))+#?% O=?) U)W7#?% O=?) +#J%=?JW E9)3J88)8 J9)J =' U)W7#?% #E) 75??)W S2#7$ 2J7)9P )?+ S7)9U#?JWP U=9J#?) %WJE#JW 7=?%5) %WJE#)9 859'JE) #? C5%587K:)<7)UH)9 S P %WJE#)9 %J7) Nathan Wong © Ed. Hölzel 10 2. NATURAL GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRIA 2.1 NATURAL LANDSCAPES Figure 10.2: Austria’s landscapes Figure 10.1: Austria’s three big natural landscapes Austria (83,868 km2) is made up of three main natural landscapes: • The Eastern Alps (63% of the area), • The lowlands and hilly regions (27% of the area), and • The Granite and Gneiss Highlands (10% of the area). These three main natural landscapes can further be divided into smaller landscapes according to geological and tectonic criteria: • The different geological zones of the Alps, • The northern and south-eastern foothills of the Alps, • The basins and lowlands between the Alps and the Carpathian mountains (see Fig 10.1: The natural landscapes of Austria) Figure 10.3: Großglockner Figure 10.4: Waldviertel Figure 10.5: Neusiedlersee I FII YU F 1 0 FL (9J?#7) J?+ (?)#88 &#%$WJ?+8 1L !=2WJ?+8 J?+ $#WWQ 9)%#=?8 0L @J87)9? CW<8 DT=8/ L*I>BS_ N_E@ CG<># *S@>*BI O*I>BS_ N_E@ C_S>* @>GI* WGI* ]GB>#*BI OS_OSB*G<@ N_E@ CSI- @>GI* WGI* Z+_Y@O# WGI*X CG<>#*BI OS_OSB*G<@ N_E@ Z_"\*@>GI*V -G_G\">*X $II*B S_E"I* QS@"I@ SI- :S__*Y@ +:H@#6, H@. +@,#88 )#(%TH@.8 OC>%,Q#H@ UH88#*M `5#_:"*B>*_ ;S_-:"*B>*_ !>3TH@.8 H@. %#TTN :,(#>@8/ N_E"I* (GB*_SI- ZIGB>#*BI (GG>#"__@ G( >#* N_E@X LSBES>#"SI (GB*_SI- Z(GG>#"__@X ="*IIS QS@"I HSIIGI"SI E_S"I CG<># *S@>*BI (GG>#"__@ G( >#* N_E@ IGB>#*BI _GI&"><-"IS_ :S__*Y @G<>#*BI _GI&"><-"IS_ :S__*Y R 3R PRR a\ © Ed. Hölzel © Ed. Hölzel Matt Mechtley Waldviertel Tourismus/Reinhard Mandl cayenne2006 U-shaped valley in the Alps Moraines in the foothills of the Alps big lakes in the foothill regions, gravel terraces along the rivers S2#7$ 2 )?+ S7)9 5%587K:)<7)UH)9 23 E=W+ S<=WJ9 J?+ 85H<=WJ9P O=?) E=W+ 7)U<)9J7) O=?) E==W 7)U<)9J7) O=?) 2J9U 7)U<)9J7) O=?) (26$ 07$876207 ;:<7 X)+#7)99J?)J? 7Q<) S2)7 2#?7)98P +::& 07$876207 ;:<7 7)U<)9J7) +)E#+5=58 J?+ E=?#')9=58 '=9)878 =E)J?#E 7Q<) 79J?8#7#=?JW 7Q<) E=?7#?)?7JW 7Q<) 87)<<) +)8)97 $#%$ U=5?7J#? 9J?%)8 +:&9 *8:&26 2<9 3-/8:&26' ;:<7 75?+9J +:&9 07$876207 ;:<7 ?=97$)9? E=?#')9=58 '=9)87 S7J#%JP 8W#%$7WQ JE#+#E U5WW $5U58 UJ?Q H#=7J 8=U) 87J#?#?% '9=U $5U58 WJQ)9 %9)QKH9=2? E95UH 8795E759) $5U58 H9=5%$7 #? HQ )J97$2=9U8N <9)3)?7#?% '=9UJ7#=? =' J +#87#?E7 $=9#O=? 8W#%$7WQ +J9Y)9N 9)++#8$ H9=2? 79J?8W=EJ7)+ EWJQ8 2)J7$)9)+ <J9)?7 UJ7)9#JW <J9)?7 9=EY 7$#EY W)J' W#77)9 8W#%$7 W)JE$#?% =' BJ J?+ X% #WW53#J7#=? =' 8=U) *) J?+ CW 79)) 9==78 <)?)79J7) <J9)?7 9=EYN 7JY) 5< HJ8)8 +)E#+5=58 2==+WJ?+ 2#7$ 5?+)9%9=27$ The main characteristics are: • cool temperate climate with decreasing rainfalls toward the inner parts of the continents • the sea influences the summers (cooling effect) and the winters (warming effect) • leaf fall produces a thick humus layer with relatively fertile soils = brown earth (see figure 23.2) • this biome has been changed a great deal by human activity since the main agricultural areas and settlements of the northern hemisphere are to be found in this region 3.7 CONIFEROUS FORESTS Figure 23.3: Taiga in Russia Figure 23.2: Profile of brown earth Figure 23.1: The temperate deciduous forests in Europe This biome, sometimes also called ‘taiga’, occurs mainly in the cold climates around 60° N in Europe, Asia and North America. Figure 23.4: Needles of a Conifer © Ed. Hölzel Klaus Zeugner, Hohenzell Bildagentur Waldhäusl, Waidhofen/Ybbs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he steppes can be found between the latitudes of 40° and 50° north of the Equator and between 30° and 40° south of the Equator. The two main regions north of the Equator are the American Prairies and the Russian Steppes. South of the Equator are the Pampas in Argentina and the Veldt in South Africa. 3.5 TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS (steppes) Figure 22.1: Land use of the temperate grassland Figure 22.2: Profile of a Chernozem The main characteristics are: • in the north: hot (and sometimes dry) summers, long and cold winters (snow cover for several months); in the south: no snow • the grass provides a great deal of humus which forms a black, fertile soil = black earth (Chernozems; see figure 22.2) • changed by a great deal of human activity 3.6 TEMPERATE DECIDIOUS FORESTS Figure 22.3: Steppe in Mongolia Figure 22.5: Natural landscape changed to cultural landscape Figure 22.4: Wienerwald (the Vienna Wood) The temperate deciduous forests are to be found between the latitudes of approximately 40° and 60° north and south of the Equator in Europe, mostly on the western coasts. Today most of the world’s natural primary deciduous forests have been cleared for farming and settlement. Ullstein Bild, Berlin/Kanus Wilhelm Malcik, Wien Andreas Schinko, Wien Do it in English – Geography Sonnenberg Klasse: 1.–4. Das erste englischsprachige GW-Schulbuch für die Oberstufe Do it in English – Geography ist das erste, nach österreichischen Lehrplänen für die AHS-Oberstufe approbierte fremdsprachige Schulbuch für Geographie und Wirtschaftskunde. → Ideal für den Unterricht in der Fremdsprache oder für den bilingualen Unterricht → Der Sprachkompetenz der Lernenden wird besondere Bedeutung zugemessen. → Zahlreiche Arbeitsblätter im hinteren Teil des Buches zur Festigung der für GW relevanten Inhalte und des neu erlernten Vokabulars → Ein „Glossary“ bietet neben der Übersetzung der englischen Fachbegriffe in die deutsche Sprache auch Erklärungen in Englisch. → Von Muttersprachler*innen kontrolliert → alle Bände auch für NOST/SOST GEOGRAPHIE UND WIRTSCHAFTSKUNDE > Do it in English – Geography Titel SBNR ISBN Preis Do it in English 1 – Geography 130769 978-3-85116-462-6 € 15,00 Do it in English 2 – Geography 135461 978-3-99068-008-7 € 15,00 Do it in English 3 – Geography 140409 978-3-99068-010-0 € 16,00 Do it in English 4 – Geography 146041 978-3-99068-119-0 € 16,00 Begleitmaterialien für Lehrpersonen über die Schulbibliothek zugänglich.
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